Development of SanQoL-5
1. Qualitative study identifying attributes and conceptual model: Ross et al. (2021). How does sanitation influence people’s quality of life? Qualitative research in low-income areas of Maputo, Mozambique. Social Science & Medicine, 272, 113709. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113709
2. Original validity and reliability quantitative study: Ross et al. (2021). Measuring and valuing broader impacts in public health: Development of a sanitation-related quality of life instrument in Maputo, Mozambique. Health Economics, 1-15. doi:10.1002/hec.4462
3. Validity and reliability in six countries: Akter et al. (2025) Validity and reliability of the Sanitation-related Quality of Life index (SanQoL-5) in six countries, Nature Water, doi: 10.1038/s44221-025-00434-7
Application of SanQoL-5
4. Evaluation of an urban sanitation intervention in Mozambique: Ross et al. (2022). Impact of a sanitation intervention on quality of life and mental well-being in low-income urban neighbourhoods of Maputo, Mozambique: an observational study. BMJ Open; 12:e062517. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062517
5. Evaluation of an urban sanitation intervention in Ghana: Tidwell et al. (2022) Evaluation of user experiences for the Clean Team Ghana container-based sanitation service in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of WASH for Development; 12 (3): 336–346. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.013
6. Discrete choice experiment for SanQoL-5 valuation: Katana et al. (2025) Valuing an Index of Sanitation-Related Quality of Life in Urban Mozambique: A Discrete Choice Experiment. Value in Health (Regional Issues), 47, 101087, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2025.101087
SanQoL-5 index 